Kepler Space Telescope
The Kepler Space Telescope was NASA's first dedicated exoplanet-hunting mission, using tiny dips in starlight to show that planets are common around other stars.
Discovery
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Particle accelerators
Particle accelerators use electric fields and magnets to speed up charged particles, creating beams for physics research, medical treatment, materials science, industry, and isotope production.
Aral Sea
The Aral Sea is a shrinking inland lake between Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, transformed by river diversions for irrigation into one of the clearest examples of human-driven environmental collapse.
Mansa Musa
Mansa Musa was a fourteenth-century ruler of the Mali Empire whose 1324 pilgrimage to Mecca made Mali's wealth, gold trade, and scholarly cities famous far beyond West Africa.
Pangaea
Pangaea was the most recent supercontinent to join nearly all of Earth's major landmasses, shaping climates, oceans, fossils, and the later arrangement of modern continents.
Rachel Carson
Rachel Carson was an American marine biologist and writer whose book Silent Spring helped bring pesticide risks, ecology, and environmental responsibility into public debate.
Rosalind Franklin
Rosalind Franklin was a British physical chemist and X-ray crystallographer whose careful images and measurements of DNA helped reveal the double helix and whose later work advanced the study of viruses.
Katherine Johnson
Katherine Johnson was an American mathematician whose trajectory calculations for NACA and NASA helped guide early crewed spaceflight, including Project Mercury and Apollo missions.
Grace Hopper
Grace Hopper was a U.S. Navy officer, mathematician, and computer scientist whose work on early computers, compiler tools, and business programming languages helped make software more practical and readable.
Hedy Lamarr
Hedy Lamarr was an Austrian-born American film actor and inventor who co-developed a 1940s frequency-hopping communication system with composer George Antheil, a wartime idea later recognized as part of the history of secure wireless communications.
Ada Lovelace
Ada Lovelace was a nineteenth-century English mathematician and writer whose 1843 notes on Charles Babbage's Analytical Engine described a step-by-step method for calculating Bernoulli numbers and imagined computing as more than arithmetic.
Bauhaus
The Bauhaus was a German art, design, and architecture school active from 1919 to 1933. It joined workshop craft, modern materials, experimental teaching, and social ideas into a design approach that still shapes buildings, furniture, typography, textiles, product design, and art education.
Crossing over
Crossing over is the exchange of matching DNA segments between homologous chromosomes during meiosis, creating new allele combinations in gametes.
Interphase
Interphase is the part of the eukaryotic cell cycle between divisions, when a cell grows, performs normal functions, copies its DNA, and prepares for mitosis or meiosis.
Cytokinesis
Cytokinesis is the physical division of a cell's cytoplasm, usually after nuclear division, producing separate daughter cells with their own membranes and cellular contents.
Apoptosis
Apoptosis is a regulated form of programmed cell death that lets organisms remove damaged, unneeded, infected, or dangerous cells without the messy tissue damage associated with uncontrolled cell death.
Cell cycle
The cell cycle is the ordered sequence of growth, DNA replication, preparation, and division that lets cells produce new cells while controlling timing and genetic accuracy.
Meiosis
Meiosis is a specialized form of eukaryotic cell division that halves chromosome number and creates genetically varied haploid cells used in sexual reproduction.
Mitosis
Mitosis is the eukaryotic process that divides one replicated nucleus into two genetically matched nuclei, helping cells grow, replace worn tissue, and reproduce asexually.
Nucleolus
The nucleolus is a dense region inside the nucleus of most eukaryotic cells where ribosomal RNA is made and early ribosome assembly begins.
Vesicle
A vesicle is a small membrane-bound sac that transports, stores, releases, or digests material inside cells and between cellular compartments.
Vacuole
A vacuole is a membrane-bound compartment that stores water, ions, nutrients, waste products, pigments, and other materials, with especially large roles in plant, fungal, and protist cells.
Cytoskeleton
The cytoskeleton is a dynamic network of protein filaments that gives cells shape, organizes internal structures, supports movement, and helps move cargo inside the cell.
Peroxisome
A peroxisome is a small membrane-bound organelle in eukaryotic cells that helps break down fatty acids, manage hydrogen peroxide, and support specialized metabolic reactions.
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