Electron donor
An electron donor is a chemical species that gives up electrons in a redox reaction, becoming oxidized while another species is reduced.
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Electron acceptor
An electron acceptor is a chemical species that receives electrons in a redox reaction, becoming reduced while another species is oxidized.
Redox potential
Redox potential describes how strongly a chemical environment tends to accept or donate electrons, shaping reactions in batteries, water, soils, sediments, and living cells.
Biogeochemical cycle
A biogeochemical cycle is the movement and transformation of elements or compounds through living organisms, rocks, water, air, and chemical reactions.
The sulfur cycle
The sulfur cycle is the movement of sulfur among rocks, soils, water, organisms, the atmosphere, and sediments through chemical and microbial transformations.
Sulfur assimilation
Sulfur assimilation is the process by which organisms take up inorganic sulfur, usually sulfate, reduce it, and incorporate it into sulfur-containing biomolecules.
Phosphorus assimilation
Phosphorus assimilation is the uptake and incorporation of phosphate into living molecules, including ATP, nucleic acids, phospholipids, and phosphorylated proteins.
Nitrogen assimilation
Nitrogen assimilation is the process by which plants, algae, fungi, and microbes turn inorganic nitrogen into organic molecules such as amino acids, proteins, and nucleotides.
DNRA
DNRA is a microbial nitrogen-cycle pathway that reduces nitrate or nitrite to ammonium, retaining reactive nitrogen in ecosystems instead of releasing it as gas.
Ammonification
Ammonification is the microbial conversion of organic nitrogen from dead organisms, waste, and detritus into ammonia or ammonium.
Anammox
Anammox is a microbial nitrogen-cycle process that converts ammonium and nitrite into nitrogen gas without using oxygen.
Nitrification
Nitrification is a microbial process that oxidizes ammonia or ammonium first to nitrite and then to nitrate in oxygen-rich environments.
Denitrification
Denitrification is a microbial process that reduces nitrate or nitrite to gaseous nitrogen forms, returning nitrogen from soils and water to the atmosphere.
Anaerobic respiration
Anaerobic respiration is cellular respiration that makes ATP with an electron transport chain but uses a final electron acceptor other than oxygen.
Methanotrophy
Methanotrophy is the microbial use of methane as a source of energy and carbon, helping turn methane into biomass and carbon dioxide.
Methanogenesis
Methanogenesis is the microbial production of methane in oxygen-free environments, carried out by specialized archaea called methanogens.
Archaea
Archaea are single-celled organisms that look simple under a microscope but form a major domain of life distinct from bacteria and eukaryotes.
Extremophile
An extremophile is an organism that grows best, or survives unusually well, in conditions that would stress or kill most familiar life.
Chemosynthesis
Chemosynthesis is the process by which organisms use chemical energy, rather than sunlight, to make organic matter from carbon compounds.
Hydrothermal vent
A hydrothermal vent is a seafloor opening where seawater heated by hot rock returns to the ocean carrying dissolved minerals and chemical energy.
Silica sinter
Silica sinter is a hard mineral deposit that forms when silica-rich hot spring or geyser water cools and leaves opaline silica behind.
Travertine terrace
A travertine terrace forms where mineral-rich hot spring water loses carbon dioxide and deposits calcium carbonate in stepped, flowing layers.
Mudpot
A mudpot is an acidic hydrothermal feature where steam, gases, water, and altered rock mix into bubbling clay-rich mud.
Hot spring
A hot spring forms where groundwater heated underground reaches the surface, often carrying dissolved minerals and heat from volcanic or deep geologic systems.
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